1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. (He had previously become king of Greece.) 2He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. 3He advanced to the ends of the earth, and plundered many nations. When the earth became quiet before him, he was exalted, and his heart was lifted up. 4He gathered a very strong army and ruled over countries, nations, and princes, and they became tributary to him.
  5 After this he fell sick and perceived that he was dying. 6So he summoned his most honored officers, who had been brought up with him from youth, and divided his kingdom among them while he was still alive. 7And after Alexander had reigned twelve years, he died.
8 Then his officers began to rule, each in his own place.9They all put on crowns after his death, and so did their descendants after them for many years; and they caused many evils on the earth.

10 From them came forth a sinful root, Antiochus Epiphanes, son of King Antiochus; he had been a hostage in Rome. He began to reign in the one hundred thirty-seventh year of the kingdom of the Greeks.
11 In those days certain renegades came out from Israel and misled many, saying, "Let us go and make a covenant with the Gentiles around us, for since we separated from them many disasters have come upon us."12 This proposal pleased them,13and some of the people eagerly went to the king, who authorized them to observe the ordinances of the Gentiles.14 So they built a gymnasium in Jerusalem, according to Gentile custom,15 and removed the marks of circumcision, and abandoned the holy covenant. They joined with the Gentiles and sold themselves to do evil.

16 When Antiochus saw that his kingdom was established, he determined to become king of the land of Egypt, in order that he might reign over both kingdoms.17 So he invaded Egypt with a strong force, with chariots and elephants and cavalry and with a large fleet.18 He engaged King Ptolemy of Egypt in battle, and Ptolemy turned and fled before him, and many were wounded and fell.19They captured the fortified cities in the land of Egypt, and he plundered the land of Egypt.

20 After subduing Egypt, Antiochus returned in the one hundred forty-third year. He went up against Israel and came to Jerusalem with a strong force.21He arrogantly entered the sanctuary and took the golden altar, the lampstand for the light, and all its utensils.22He took also the table for the bread of the Presence, the cups for drink offerings, the bowls, the golden censers, the curtain, the crowns, and the gold decoration on the front of the temple; he stripped it all off.23He took the silver and the gold, and the costly vessels; he took also the hidden treasures that he found.24Taking them all, he went into his own land.
He shed much blood,
and spoke with great arrogance.
25Israel mourned deeply in every community,
26rulers and elders groaned,
young women and young men became faint,
the beauty of the women faded.
27Every bridegroom took up the lament;
she who sat in the bridal chamber was mourning.
28Even the land trembled for its inhabitants,
and all the house of Jacob was clothed with shame.

29 Two years later the king sent to the cities of Judah a chief collector of tribute, and he came to Jerusalem with a large force.30Deceitfully he spoke peaceable words to them, and they believed him; but he suddenly fell upon the city, dealt it a severe blow, and destroyed many people of Israel.31He plundered the city, burned it with fire, and tore down its houses and its surrounding walls.32They took captive the women and children, and seized the livestock.33Then they fortified the city of David with a great strong wall and strong towers, and it became their citadel.34They stationed there a sinful people, men who were renegades. These strengthened their position;35they stored up arms and food, and collecting the spoils of Jerusalem they stored them there, and became a great menace,
36for the citadel became an ambush against the sanctuary,
an evil adversary of Israel at all times.
37On every side of the sanctuary they shed innocent blood;
they even defiled the sanctuary.
38Because of them the residents of Jerusalem fled;
she became a dwelling of strangers;
she became strange to her offspring,
and her children forsook her.
39Her sanctuary became desolate like a desert;
her feasts were turned into mourning,
her Sabbaths into a reproach,
her honor into contempt.
40Her dishonor now grew as great as her glory;
her exaltation was turned into mourning.

41 Then the king wrote to his whole kingdom that all should be one people,42and that all should give up their particular customs.43All the Gentiles accepted the command of the king. Many even from Israel gladly adopted his religion; they sacrificed to idols and profaned the Sabbath.44And the king sent letters by messengers to Jerusalem and the towns of Judah; he directed them to follow customs strange to the land,45to forbid burnt offerings and sacrifices and drink offerings in the sanctuary, to profane Sabbaths and festivals,46to defile the sanctuary and the priests,47to build altars and sacred precincts and shrines for idols, to sacrifice swine and other unclean animals,48and to leave their sons uncircumcised. They were to make themselves abominable by everything unclean and profane,49so that they would forget the law and change all the ordinances.50He added, "And whoever does not obey the command of the king shall die."
51 In such words he wrote to his whole kingdom. He appointed inspectors over all the people and commanded the towns of Judah to offer sacrifice, town by town.52Many of the people, everyone who forsook the law, joined them, and they did evil in the land;53they drove Israel into hiding in every place of refuge they had.
54 Now on the fifteenth day of Chislev, in the one hundred forty-fifth year, they erected a desolating sacrilege on the altar of burnt offering. They also built altars in the surrounding towns of Judah,55and offered incense at the doors of the houses and in the streets.56The books of the law that they found they tore to pieces and burned with fire.57Anyone found possessing the book of the covenant, or anyone who adhered to the law, was condemned to death by decree of the king.58They kept using violence against Israel, against those who were found month after month in the towns.59On the twenty-fifth day of the month they offered sacrifice on the altar that was on top of the altar of burnt offering.60According to the decree, they put to death the women who had their children circumcised,61and their families and those who circumcised them; and they hung the infants from their mothers' necks.
62 But many in Israel stood firm and were resolved in their hearts not to eat unclean food.63They chose to die rather than to be defiled by food or to profane the holy covenant; and they did die.64Very great wrath came upon Israel.

2 In those days Mattathias son of John son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, moved from Jerusalem and settled in Modein.2He had five sons, John surnamed Gaddi,3Simon called Thassi,4Judas called Maccabeus,5Eleazar called Avaran, and Jonathan called Apphus.6He saw the blasphemies being committed in Judah and Jerusalem,7and said,
"Alas! Why was I born to see this,
the ruin of my people, the ruin of the holy city,
and to live there when it was given over to the enemy,
the sanctuary given over to aliens?
8Her temple has become like a person without honor;
9her glorious vessels have been carried into exile.
Her infants have been killed in her streets,
her youths by the sword of the foe.
10What nation has not inherited her palaces
and has not seized her spoils?
11All her adornment has been taken away;
no longer free, she has become a slave.
12And see, our holy place, our beauty,
and our glory have been laid waste;
the Gentiles have profaned them.
13Why should we live any longer?"
14 Then Mattathias and his sons tore their clothes, put on sackcloth, and mourned greatly.

15 The king's officers who were enforcing the apostasy came to the town of Modein to make them offer sacrifice.16Many from Israel came to them; and Mattathias and his sons were assembled.17Then the king's officers spoke to Mattathias as follows: "You are a leader, honored and great in this town, and supported by sons and brothers.18Now be the first to come and do what the king commands, as all the Gentiles and the people of Judah and those that are left in Jerusalem have done. Then you and your sons will be numbered among the Friends of the king, and you and your sons will be honored with silver and gold and many gifts."
19 But Mattathias answered and said in a loud voice: "Even if all the nations that live under the rule of the king obey him, and have chosen to obey his commandments, everyone of them abandoning the religion of their ancestors,20I and my sons and my brothers will continue to live by the covenant of our ancestors.21Far be it from us to desert the law and the ordinances.22We will not obey the king's words by turning aside from our religion to the right hand or to the left."
23 When he had finished speaking these words, a Jew came forward in the sight of all to offer sacrifice on the altar in Modein, according to the king's command.24When Mattathias saw it, he burned with zeal and his heart was stirred. He gave vent to righteous anger; he ran and killed him on the altar.25At the same time he killed the king's officer who was forcing them to sacrifice, and he tore down the altar.26Thus he burned with zeal for the law, just as Phinehas did against Zimri son of Salu.
27 Then Mattathias cried out in the town with a loud voice, saying: "Let every one who is zealous for the law and supports the covenant come out with me!"28Then he and his sons fled to the hills and left all that they had in the town.
29 At that time many who were seeking righteousness and justice went down to the wilderness to live there,30they, their sons, their wives, and their livestock, because troubles pressed heavily upon them.31And it was reported to the king's officers, and to the troops in Jerusalem the city of David, that those who had rejected the king's command had gone down to the hiding places in the wilderness.32Many pursued them, and overtook them; they encamped opposite them and prepared for battle against them on the Sabbath day.33They said to them, "Enough of this! Come out and do what the king commands, and you will live."34But they said, "We will not come out, nor will we do what the king commands and so profane the Sabbath day."35Then the enemy quickly attacked them.36But they did not answer them or hurl a stone at them or block up their hiding places,37for they said, "Let us all die in our innocence; heaven and earth testify for us that you are killing us unjustly."38So they attacked them on the Sabbath, and they died, with their wives and children and livestock, to the number of a thousand persons.
39 When Mattathias and his friends learned of it, they mourned for them deeply.40And all said to their neighbors: "If we all do as our kindred have done and refuse to fight with the Gentiles for our lives and for our ordinances, they will quickly destroy us from the earth."41So they made this decision that day: "Let us fight against anyone who comes to attack us on the Sabbath day; let us not all die as our kindred died in their hiding places."

42 Then there united with them a company of Hasideans, mighty warriors of Israel, all who offered themselves willingly for the law.43And all who became fugitives to escape their troubles joined them and reinforced them.44They organized an army, and struck down sinners in their anger and renegades in their wrath; the survivors fled to the Gentiles for safety.45And Mattathias and his friends went around and tore down the altars;46they forcibly circumcised all the uncircumcised boys that they found within the borders of Israel.47They hunted down the arrogant, and the work prospered in their hands.48They rescued the law out of the hands of the Gentiles and kings, and they never let the sinner gain the upper hand.

49 Now the days drew near for Mattathias to die, and he said to his sons: "Arrogance and scorn have now become strong; it is a time of ruin and furious anger.50Now, my children, show zeal for the law, and give your lives for the covenant of our ancestors.
51 "Remember the deeds of the ancestors, which they did in their generations; and you will receive great honor and an everlasting name.52Was not Abraham found faithful when tested, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness?53Joseph in the time of his distress kept the commandment, and became lord of Egypt.54Phinehas our ancestor, because he was deeply zealous, received the covenant of everlasting priesthood.55Joshua, because he fulfilled the command, became a judge in Israel.56Caleb, because he testified in the assembly, received an inheritance in the land.57David, because he was merciful, inherited the throne of the kingdom forever.58Elijah, because of great zeal for the law, was taken up into heaven.59Hananiah, Azariah, and Mishael believed and were saved from the flame.60Daniel, because of his innocence, was delivered from the mouth of the lions.
61 "And so observe, from generation to generation, that none of those who put their trust in him will lack strength.62Do not fear the words of sinners, for their splendor will turn into dung and worms.63Today they will be exalted, but tomorrow they will not be found, because they will have returned to the dust, and their plans will have perished.64My children, be courageous and grow strong in the law, for by it you will gain honor.
65 "Here is your brother Simeon who, I know, is wise in counsel; always listen to him; he shall be your father.66Judas Maccabeus has been a mighty warrior from his youth; he shall command the army for you and fight the battle against the peoples.67You shall rally around you all who observe the law, and avenge the wrong done to your people.68Pay back the Gentiles in full, and obey the commands of the law."
69 Then he blessed them, and was gathered to his ancestors.70He died in the one hundred forty-sixth year and was buried in the tomb of his ancestors at Modein. And all Israel mourned for him with great lamentation.

3 Then his son Judas, who was called Maccabeus, took command in his place.2All his brothers and all who had joined his father helped him; they gladly fought for Israel.
3He extended the glory of his people.
Like a giant he put on his breastplate;
he bound on his armor of war and waged battles,
protecting the camp by his sword.
4He was like a lion in his deeds,
like a lion's cub roaring for prey.
5He searched out and pursued those who broke the law;
he burned those who troubled his people.
6Lawbreakers shrank back for fear of him;
all the evildoers were confounded;
and deliverance prospered by his hand.
7He embittered many kings,
but he made Jacob glad by his deeds,
and his memory is blessed forever.
8He went through the cities of Judah;
he destroyed the ungodly out of the land;
thus he turned away wrath from Israel.
9He was renowned to the ends of the earth;
he gathered in those who were perishing.
10 Apollonius now gathered together Gentiles and a large force from Samaria to fight against Israel.11When Judas learned of it, he went out to meet him, and he defeated and killed him. Many were wounded and fell, and the rest fled.12Then they seized their spoils; and Judas took the sword of Apollonius, and used it in battle the rest of his life.
13 When Seron, the commander of the Syrian army, heard that Judas had gathered a large company, including a body of faithful soldiers who stayed with him and went out to battle,14he said, "I will make a name for myself and win honor in the kingdom. I will make war on Judas and his companions, who scorn the king's command."15Once again a strong army of godless men went up with him to help him, to take vengeance on the Israelites.
16 When he approached the ascent of Beth-horon, Judas went out to meet him with a small company.17But when they saw the army coming to meet them, they said to Judas, "How can we, few as we are, fight against so great and so strong a multitude? And we are faint, for we have eaten nothing today."18Judas replied, "It is easy for many to be hemmed in by few, for in the sight of Heaven there is no difference between saving by many or by few.19It is not on the size of the army that victory in battle depends, but strength comes from Heaven.20They come against us in great insolence and lawlessness to destroy us and our wives and our children, and to despoil us;21but we fight for our lives and our laws.22He himself will crush them before us; as for you, do not be afraid of them."
23 When he finished speaking, he rushed suddenly against Seron and his army, and they were crushed before him.24They pursued them down the descent of Beth-horon to the plain; eight hundred of them fell, and the rest fled into the land of the Philistines.25Then Judas and his brothers began to be feared, and terror fell on the Gentiles all around them.26His fame reached the king, and the Gentiles talked of the battles of Judas.

27 When King Antiochus heard these reports, he was greatly angered; and he sent and gathered all the forces of his kingdom, a very strong army.28He opened his coffers and gave a year's pay to his forces, and ordered them to be ready for any need.29Then he saw that the money in the treasury was exhausted, and that the revenues from the country were small because of the dissension and disaster that he had caused in the land by abolishing the laws that had existed from the earliest days.30He feared that he might not have such funds as he had before for his expenses and for the gifts that he used to give more lavishly than preceding kings.31He was greatly perplexed in mind; then he determined to go to Persia and collect the revenues from those regions and raise a large fund.
32 He left Lysias, a distinguished man of royal lineage, in charge of the king's affairs from the river Euphrates to the borders of Egypt.33Lysias was also to take care of his son Antiochus until he returned.34And he turned over to Lysias half of his forces and the elephants, and gave him orders about all that he wanted done. As for the residents of Judea and Jerusalem,35Lysias was to send a force against them to wipe out and destroy the strength of Israel and the remnant of Jerusalem; he was to banish the memory of them from the place,36settle aliens in all their territory, and distribute their land by lot.37Then the king took the remaining half of his forces and left Antioch his capital in the one hundred and forty-seventh year. He crossed the Euphrates river and went through the upper provinces.

38 Lysias chose Ptolemy son of Dorymenes, and Nicanor and Gorgias, able men among the Friends of the king,39and sent with them forty thousand infantry and seven thousand cavalry to go into the land of Judah and destroy it, as the king had commanded.40So they set out with their entire force, and when they arrived they encamped near Emmaus in the plain.41When the traders of the region heard what was said to them, they took silver and gold in immense amounts, and fetters, and went to the camp to get the Israelites for slaves. And forces from Syria and the land of the Philistines joined with them.
42 Now Judas and his brothers saw that misfortunes had increased and that the forces were encamped in their territory. They also learned what the king had commanded to do to the people to cause their final destruction.43But they said to one another, "Let us restore the ruins of our people, and fight for our people and the sanctuary."44So the congregation assembled to be ready for battle, and to pray and ask for mercy and compassion.
45Jerusalem was uninhabited like a wilderness;
not one of her children went in or out.
The sanctuary was trampled down,
and aliens held the citadel;
it was a lodging place for the Gentiles.
Joy was taken from Jacob;
the flute and the harp ceased to play.
46 Then they gathered together and went to Mizpah, opposite Jerusalem, because Israel formerly had a place of prayer in Mizpah.47They fasted that day, put on sackcloth and sprinkled ashes on their heads, and tore their clothes.48And they opened the book of the law to inquire into those matters about which the Gentiles consulted the likenesses of their gods.49They also brought the vestments of the priesthood and the first fruits and the tithes, and they stirred up the nazirites who had completed their days;50and they cried aloud to Heaven, saying,
"What shall we do with these?
Where shall we take them?
51Your sanctuary is trampled down and profaned,
and your priests mourn in humiliation.
52Here the Gentiles are assembled against us to destroy us;
you know what they plot against us.
53How will we be able to withstand them,
if you do not help us?"
54 Then they sounded the trumpets and gave a loud shout.55After this Judas appointed leaders of the people, in charge of thousands and hundreds and fifties and tens.56Those who were building houses, or were about to be married, or were planting a vineyard, or were fainthearted, he told to go home again, according to the law.57Then the army marched out and encamped to the south of Emmaus.
58 And Judas said, "Arm yourselves and be courageous. Be ready early in the morning to fight with these Gentiles who have assembled against us to destroy us and our sanctuary.59It is better for us to die in battle than to see the misfortunes of our nation and of the sanctuary.60But as his will in heaven may be, so shall he do."

4 Now Gorgias took five thousand infantry and one thousand picked cavalry, and this division moved out by night2to fall upon the camp of the Jews and attack them suddenly. Men from the citadel were his guides.3But Judas heard of it, and he and his warriors moved out to attack the king's force in Emmaus4while the division was still absent from the camp.5When Gorgias entered the camp of Judas by night, he found no one there, so he looked for them in the hills, because he said, "These men are running away from us."
6 At daybreak Judas appeared in the plain with three thousand men, but they did not have armor and swords such as they desired.7And they saw the camp of the Gentiles, strong and fortified, with cavalry all around it; and these men were trained in war.8But Judas said to those who were with him, "Do not fear their numbers or be afraid when they charge.9Remember how our ancestors were saved at the Red Sea, when Pharaoh with his forces pursued them.10And now, let us cry to Heaven, to see whether he will favor us and remember his covenant with our ancestors and crush this army before us today.11Then all the Gentiles will know that there is one who redeems and saves Israel."
12 When the foreigners looked up and saw them coming against them,13they went out from their camp to battle. Then the men with Judas blew their trumpets14and engaged in battle. The Gentiles were crushed, and fled into the plain,15and all those in the rear fell by the sword. They pursued them to Gazara, and to the plains of Idumea, and to Azotus and Jamnia; and three thousand of them fell.16Then Judas and his force turned back from pursuing them,17and he said to the people, "Do not be greedy for plunder, for there is a battle before us;18Gorgias and his force are near us in the hills. But stand now against our enemies and fight them, and afterward seize the plunder boldly."
19 Just as Judas was finishing this speech, a detachment appeared, coming out of the hills.20They saw that their army had been put to flight, and that the Jews were burning the camp, for the smoke that was seen showed what had happened.21When they perceived this, they were greatly frightened, and when they also saw the army of Judas drawn up in the plain for battle,22they all fled into the land of the Philistines.23Then Judas returned to plunder the camp, and they seized a great amount of gold and silver, and cloth dyed blue and sea purple, and great riches.24On their return they sang hymns and praises to Heaven--"For he is good, for his mercy endures forever."25Thus Israel had a great deliverance that day.

26 Those of the foreigners who escaped went and reported to Lysias all that had happened.27When he heard it, he was perplexed and discouraged, for things had not happened to Israel as he had intended, nor had they turned out as the king had ordered.28But the next year he mustered sixty thousand picked infantry and five thousand cavalry to subdue them.29They came into Idumea and encamped at Beth-zur, and Judas met them with ten thousand men.
30 When he saw that their army was strong, he prayed, saying, "Blessed are you, O Savior of Israel, who crushed the attack of the mighty warrior by the hand of your servant David, and gave the camp of the Philistines into the hands of Jonathan son of Saul, and of the man who carried his armor.31Hem in this army by the hand of your people Israel, and let them be ashamed of their troops and their cavalry.32Fill them with cowardice; melt the boldness of their strength; let them tremble in their destruction.33Strike them down with the sword of those who love you, and let all who know your name praise you with hymns."
34 Then both sides attacked, and there fell of the army of Lysias five thousand men; they fell in action.35When Lysias saw the rout of his troops and observed the boldness that inspired those of Judas, and how ready they were either to live or to die nobly, he withdrew to Antioch and enlisted mercenaries in order to invade Judea again with an even larger army.

36 Then Judas and his brothers said, "See, our enemies are crushed; let us go up to cleanse the sanctuary and dedicate it."37So all the army assembled and went up to Mount Zion.38There they saw the sanctuary desolate, the altar profaned, and the gates burned. In the courts they saw bushes sprung up as in a thicket, or as on one of the mountains. They saw also the chambers of the priests in ruins.39Then they tore their clothes and mourned with great lamentation; they sprinkled themselves with ashes40and fell face down on the ground. And when the signal was given with the trumpets, they cried out to Heaven.
41 Then Judas detailed men to fight against those in the citadel until he had cleansed the sanctuary.42He chose blameless priests devoted to the law,43and they cleansed the sanctuary and removed the defiled stones to an unclean place.44They deliberated what to do about the altar of burnt offering, which had been profaned.45And they thought it best to tear it down, so that it would not be a lasting shame to them that the Gentiles had defiled it. So they tore down the altar,46and stored the stones in a convenient place on the temple hill until a prophet should come to tell what to do with them.47Then they took unhewn stones, as the law directs, and built a new altar like the former one.48They also rebuilt the sanctuary and the interior of the temple, and consecrated the courts.49They made new holy vessels, and brought the lampstand, the altar of incense, and the table into the temple.50Then they offered incense on the altar and lit the lamps on the lampstand, and these gave light in the temple.51They placed the bread on the table and hung up the curtains. Thus they finished all the work they had undertaken.
52 Early in the morning on the twenty-fifth day of the ninth month, which is the month of Chislev, in the one hundred forty-eighth year,53they rose and offered sacrifice, as the law directs, on the new altar of burnt offering that they had built.54At the very season and on the very day that the Gentiles had profaned it, it was dedicated with songs and harps and lutes and cymbals.55All the people fell on their faces and worshiped and blessed Heaven, who had prospered them.56So they celebrated the dedication of the altar for eight days, and joyfully offered burnt offerings; they offered a sacrifice of well-being and a thanksgiving offering.57They decorated the front of the temple with golden crowns and small shields; they restored the gates and the chambers for the priests, and fitted them with doors.58There was very great joy among the people, and the disgrace brought by the Gentiles was removed.
59 Then Judas and his brothers and all the assembly of Israel determined that every year at that season the days of dedication of the altar should be observed with joy and gladness for eight days, beginning with the twenty-fifth day of the month of Chislev.
60 At that time they fortified Mount Zion with high walls and strong towers all around, to keep the Gentiles from coming and trampling them down as they had done before.61Judas stationed a garrison there to guard it; he also fortified Beth-zur to guard it, so that the people might have a stronghold that faced Idumea.

5 When the Gentiles all around heard that the altar had been rebuilt and the sanctuary dedicated as it was before, they became very angry,2and they determined to destroy the descendants of Jacob who lived among them. So they began to kill and destroy among the people.3But Judas made war on the descendants of Esau in Idumea, at Akrabattene, because they kept lying in wait for Israel. He dealt them a heavy blow and humbled them and despoiled them.4He also remembered the wickedness of the sons of Baean, who were a trap and a snare to the people and ambushed them on the highways.5They were shut up by him in their towers; and he encamped against them, vowed their complete destruction, and burned with fire their towers and all who were in them.6Then he crossed over to attack the Ammonites, where he found a strong band and many people, with Timothy as their leader.7He engaged in many battles with them, and they were crushed before him; he struck them down.8He also took Jazer and its villages; then he returned to Judea.

9 Now the Gentiles in Gilead gathered together against the Israelites who lived in their territory, and planned to destroy them. But they fled to the stronghold of Dathema,10and sent to Judas and his brothers a letter that said, "The Gentiles around us have gathered together to destroy us.11They are preparing to come and capture the stronghold to which we have fled, and Timothy is leading their forces.12Now then, come and rescue us from their hands, for many of us have fallen,13and all our kindred who were in the land of Tob have been killed; the enemy have captured their wives and children and goods, and have destroyed about a thousand persons there."
14 While the letter was still being read, other messengers, with their garments torn, came from Galilee and made a similar report;15they said that the people of Ptolemais and Tyre and Sidon, and all Galilee of the Gentiles, had gathered together against them "to annihilate us."16When Judas and the people heard these messages, a great assembly was called to determine what they should do for their kindred who were in distress and were being attacked by enemies.17Then Judas said to his brother Simon, "Choose your men and go and rescue your kindred in Galilee; Jonathan my brother and I will go to Gilead."18But he left Joseph, son of Zechariah, and Azariah, a leader of the people, with the rest of the forces, in Judea to guard it;19and he gave them this command, "Take charge of this people, but do not engage in battle with the Gentiles until we return."20Then three thousand men were assigned to Simon to go to Galilee, and eight thousand to Judas for Gilead.
21 So Simon went to Galilee and fought many battles against the Gentiles, and the Gentiles were crushed before him.22He pursued them to the gate of Ptolemais; as many as three thousand of the Gentiles fell, and he despoiled them.23Then he took the Jews of Galilee and Arbatta, with their wives and children, and all they possessed, and led them to Judea with great rejoicing.

24 Judas Maccabeus and his brother Jonathan crossed the Jordan and made three days' journey into the wilderness.25They encountered the Nabateans, who met them peaceably and told them all that had happened to their kindred in Gilead:26"Many of them have been shut up in Bozrah and Bosor, in Alema and Chaspho, Maked and Carnaim"--all these towns were strong and large--27"and some have been shut up in the other towns of Gilead; the enemy are getting ready to attack the strongholds tomorrow and capture and destroy all these people in a single day."
28 Then Judas and his army quickly turned back by the wilderness road to Bozrah; and he took the town, and killed every male by the edge of the sword; then he seized all its spoils and burned it with fire.29He left the place at night, and they went all the way to the stronghold of Dathema.30At dawn they looked out and saw a large company, which could not be counted, carrying ladders and engines of war to capture the stronghold, and attacking the Jews within31So Judas saw that the battle had begun and that the cry of the town went up to Heaven, with trumpets and loud shouts,32and he said to the men of his forces, "Fight today for your kindred!"33Then he came up behind them in three companies, who sounded their trumpets and cried aloud in prayer.34And when the army of Timothy realized that it was Maccabeus, they fled before him, and he dealt them a heavy blow. As many as eight thousand of them fell that day.
35 Next he turned aside to Maapha, and fought against it and took it; and he killed every male in it, plundered it, and burned it with fire.36From there he marched on and took Chaspho, Maked, and Bosor, and the other towns of Gilead.
37 After these things Timothy gathered another army and encamped opposite Raphon, on the other side of the stream.38Judas sent men to spy out the camp, and they reported to him, "All the Gentiles around us have gathered to him; it is a very large force.39They also have hired Arabs to help them, and they are encamped across the stream, ready to come and fight against you." And Judas went to meet them.
40 Now as Judas and his army drew near to the stream of water, Timothy said to the officers of his forces, "If he crosses over to us first, we will not be able to resist him, for he will surely defeat us.41But if he shows fear and camps on the other side of the river, we will cross over to him and defeat him."42When Judas approached the stream of water, he stationed the officers of the army at the stream and gave them this command, "Permit no one to encamp, but make them all enter the battle."43Then he crossed over against them first, and the whole army followed him. All the Gentiles were defeated before him, and they threw away their arms and fled into the sacred precincts at Carnaim.44But he took the town and burned the sacred precincts with fire, together with all who were in them. Thus Carnaim was conquered; they could stand before Judas no longer.

45 Then Judas gathered together all the Israelites in Gilead, the small and the great, with their wives and children and goods, a very large company, to go to the land of Judah.46So they came to Ephron. This was a large and very strong town on the road, and they could not go around it to the right or to the left; they had to go through it.47But the people of the town shut them out and blocked up the gates with stones.
48 Judas sent them this friendly message, "Let us pass through your land to get to our land. No one will do you harm; we will simply pass by on foot." But they refused to open to him.49Then Judas ordered proclamation to be made to the army that all should encamp where they were.50So the men of the forces encamped, and he fought against the town all that day and all the night, and the town was delivered into his hands.51He destroyed every male by the edge of the sword, and razed and plundered the town. Then he passed through the town over the bodies of the dead.
52 Then they crossed the Jordan into the large plain before Beth-shan.53Judas kept rallying the laggards and encouraging the people all the way until he came to the land of Judah.54So they went up to Mount Zion with joy and gladness, and offered burnt offerings, because they had returned in safety; not one of them had fallen.

55 Now while Judas and Jonathan were in Gilead and their brother Simon was in Galilee before Ptolemais,56Joseph son of Zechariah, and Azariah, the commanders of the forces, heard of their brave deeds and of the heroic war they had fought.57So they said, "Let us also make a name for ourselves; let us go and make war on the Gentiles around us."58So they issued orders to the men of the forces that were with them and marched against Jamnia.59Gorgias and his men came out of the town to meet them in battle.60Then Joseph and Azariah were routed, and were pursued to the borders of Judea; as many as two thousand of the people of Israel fell that day.61Thus the people suffered a great rout because, thinking to do a brave deed, they did not listen to Judas and his brothers.62But they did not belong to the family of those men through whom deliverance was given to Israel.
63 The man Judas and his brothers were greatly honored in all Israel and among all the Gentiles, wherever their name was heard.64People gathered to them and praised them.

65 Then Judas and his brothers went out and fought the descendants of Esau in the land to the south. He struck Hebron and its villages and tore down its strongholds and burned its towers on all sides.66Then he marched off to go into the land of the Philistines, and passed through Marisa.67On that day some priests, who wished to do a brave deed, fell in battle, for they went out to battle unwisely.68But Judas turned aside to Azotus in the land of the Philistines; he tore down their altars, and the carved images of their gods he burned with fire; he plundered the towns and returned to the land of Judah.

6 King Antiochus was going through the upper provinces when he heard that Elymais in Persia was a city famed for its wealth in silver and gold.2Its temple was very rich, containing golden shields, breastplates, and weapons left there by Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian king who first reigned over the Greeks.3So he came and tried to take the city and plunder it, but he could not because his plan had become known to the citizens4and they withstood him in battle. So he fled and in great disappointment left there to return to Babylon.
5 Then someone came to him in Persia and reported that the armies that had gone into the land of Judah had been routed;6that Lysias had gone first with a strong force, but had turned and fled before the Jews; that the Jews had grown strong from the arms, supplies, and abundant spoils that they had taken from the armies they had cut down;7that they had torn down the abomination that he had erected on the altar in Jerusalem; and that they had surrounded the sanctuary with high walls as before, and also Beth-zur, his town.
8 When the king heard this news, he was astounded and badly shaken. He took to his bed and became sick from disappointment, because things had not turned out for him as he had planned.9He lay there for many days, because deep disappointment continually gripped him, and he realized that he was dying.10So he called all his Friends and said to them, "Sleep has departed from my eyes and I am downhearted with worry.11I said to myself, 'To what distress I have come! And into what a great flood I now am plunged! For I was kind and beloved in my power.'12But now I remember the wrong I did in Jerusalem. I seized all its vessels of silver and gold, and I sent to destroy the inhabitants of Judah without good reason.13I know that it is because of this that these misfortunes have come upon me; here I am, perishing of bitter disappointment in a strange land."
14 Then he called for Philip, one of his Friends, and made him ruler over all his kingdom.15He gave him the crown and his robe and the signet, so that he might guide his son Antiochus and bring him up to be king.16Thus King Antiochus died there in the one hundred forty-ninth year.17When Lysias learned that the king was dead, he set up Antiochus the king's son to reign. Lysias had brought him up from boyhood; he named him Eupator.

18 Meanwhile the garrison in the citadel kept hemming Israel in around the sanctuary. They were trying in every way to harm them and strengthen the Gentiles.19Judas therefore resolved to destroy them, and assembled all the people to besiege them.20They gathered together and besieged the citadel in the one hundred fiftieth year; and he built siege towers and other engines of war.21But some of the garrison escaped from the siege and some of the ungodly Israelites joined them.22They went to the king and said, "How long will you fail to do justice and to avenge our kindred?23We were happy to serve your father, to live by what he said, and to follow his commands.24For this reason the sons of our people besieged the citadel and became hostile to us; moreover, they have put to death as many of us as they have caught, and they have seized our inheritances.25It is not against us alone that they have stretched out their hands; they have also attacked all the lands on their borders.26And see, today they have encamped against the citadel in Jerusalem to take it; they have fortified both the sanctuary and Beth-zur;27unless you quickly prevent them, they will do still greater things, and you will not be able to stop them."
28 The king was enraged when he heard this. He assembled all his Friends, the commanders of his forces and those in authority29Mercenary forces also came to him from other kingdoms and from islands of the seas.30The number of his forces was one hundred thousand foot soldiers, twenty thousand horsemen, and thirty-two elephants accustomed to war.31They came through Idumea and encamped against Beth-zur, and for many days they fought and built engines of war; but the Jews sallied out and burned these with fire, and fought courageously.

32 Then Judas marched away from the citadel and encamped at Beth-zechariah, opposite the camp of the king.33Early in the morning the king set out and took his army by a forced march along the road to Beth-zechariah, and his troops made ready for battle and sounded their trumpets.34They offered the elephants the juice of grapes and mulberries, to arouse them for battle.35They distributed the animals among the phalanxes; with each elephant they stationed a thousand men armed with coats of mail, and with brass helmets on their heads; and five hundred picked horsemen were assigned to each beast.36These took their position beforehand wherever the animal was; wherever it went, they went with it, and they never left it.37On the elephants were wooden towers, strong and covered; they were fastened on each animal by special harness, and on each were four armed men who fought from there, and also its Indian driver.38The rest of the cavalry were stationed on either side, on the two flanks of the army, to harass the enemy while being themselves protected by the phalanxes.39When the sun shone on the shields of gold and brass, the hills were ablaze with them and gleamed like flaming torches.
40 Now a part of the king's army was spread out on the high hills, and some troops were on the plain, and they advanced steadily and in good order.41All who heard the noise made by their multitude, by the marching of the multitude and the clanking of their arms, trembled, for the army was very large and strong.42But Judas and his army advanced to the battle, and six hundred of the king's army fell.43Now Eleazar, called Avaran, saw that one of the animals was equipped with royal armor. It was taller than all the others, and he supposed that the king was on it.44So he gave his life to save his people and to win for himself an everlasting name.45He courageously ran into the midst of the phalanx to reach it; he killed men right and left, and they parted before him on both sides.46He got under the elephant, stabbed it from beneath, and killed it; but it fell to the ground upon him and he died.47When the Jews saw the royal might and the fierce attack of the forces, they turned away in flight.

48 The soldiers of the king's army went up to Jerusalem against them, and the king encamped in Judea and at Mount Zion.49He made peace with the people of Beth-zur, and they evacuated the town because they had no provisions there to withstand a siege, since it was a sabbatical year for the land.50So the king took Beth-zur and stationed a guard there to hold it.51Then he encamped before the sanctuary for many days. He set up siege towers, engines of war to throw fire and stones, machines to shoot arrows, and catapults.52The Jews also made engines of war to match theirs, and fought for many days.53But they had no food in storage, because it was the seventh year; those who had found safety in Judea from the Gentiles had consumed the last of the stores.54Only a few men were left in the sanctuary; the rest scattered to their own homes, for the famine proved too much for them.

55 Then Lysias heard that Philip, whom King Antiochus while still living had appointed to bring up his son Antiochus to be king,56had returned from Persia and Media with the forces that had gone with the king, and that he was trying to seize control of the government.57So he quickly gave orders to withdraw, and said to the king, to the commanders of the forces, and to the troops, "Daily we grow weaker, our food supply is scant, the place against which we are fighting is strong, and the affairs of the kingdom press urgently on us.58Now then let us come to terms with these people, and make peace with them and with all their nation.59Let us agree to let them live by their laws as they did before; for it was on account of their laws that we abolished that they became angry and did all these things."
60 The speech pleased the king and the commanders, and he sent to the Jews an offer of peace, and they accepted it.61So the king and the commanders gave them their oath. On these conditions the Jews evacuated the stronghold.62But when the king entered Mount Zion and saw what a strong fortress the place was, he broke the oath he had sworn and gave orders to tear down the wall all around.63Then he set off in haste and returned to Antioch. He found Philip in control of the city, but he fought against him, and took the city by force.

7 In the one hundred fifty-first year Demetrius son of Seleucus set out from Rome, sailed with a few men to a town by the sea, and there began to reign.2As he was entering the royal palace of his ancestors, the army seized Antiochus and Lysias to bring them to him.3But when this act became known to him, he said, "Do not let me see their faces!"4So the army killed them, and Demetrius took his seat on the throne of his kingdom.
5 Then there came to him all the renegade and godless men of Israel; they were led by Alcimus, who wanted to be high priest.6They brought to the king this accusation against the people: "Judas and his brothers have destroyed all your Friends, and have driven us out of our land.7Now then send a man whom you trust; let him go and see all the ruin that Judas has brought on us and on the land of the king, and let him punish them and all who help them."
8 So the king chose Bacchides, one of the king's Friends, governor of the province Beyond the River; he was a great man in the kingdom and was faithful to the king.9He sent him, and with him he sent the ungodly Alcimus, whom he made high priest; and he commanded him to take vengeance on the Israelites.10So they marched away and came with a large force into the land of Judah; and he sent messengers to Judas and his brothers with peaceable but treacherous words.11But they paid no attention to their words, for they saw that they had come with a large force.
12 Then a group of scribes appeared in a body before Alcimus and Bacchides to ask for just terms.13The Hasideans were first among the Israelites to seek peace from them,14for they said, "A priest of the line of Aaron has come with the army, and he will not harm us."15Alcimus spoke peaceable words to them and swore this oath to them, "We will not seek to injure you or your friends."16So they trusted him; but he seized sixty of them and killed them in one day, in accordance with the word that was written,
17"The flesh of your faithful ones and their blood
they poured out all around Jerusalem,
and there was no one to bury them."
18Then the fear and dread of them fell on all the people, for they said, "There is no truth or justice in them, for they have violated the agreement and the oath that they swore."
19 Then Bacchides withdrew from Jerusalem and encamped in Beth-zaith. And he sent and seized many of the men who had deserted to him, and some of the people, and killed them and threw them into a great pit.20He placed Alcimus in charge of the country and left with him a force to help him; then Bacchides went back to the king.
21 Alcimus struggled to maintain his high priesthood,22and all who were troubling their people joined him. They gained control of the land of Judah and did great damage in Israel.23And Judas saw all the wrongs that Alcimus and those with him had done among the Israelites; it was more than the Gentiles had done.24So Judas went out into all the surrounding parts of Judea, taking vengeance on those who had deserted and preventing those in the city from going out into the country.25When Alcimus saw that Judas and those with him had grown strong, and realized that he could not withstand them, he returned to the king and brought malicious charges against them.

26 Then the king sent Nicanor, one of his honored princes, who hated and detested Israel, and he commanded him to destroy the people.27So Nicanor came to Jerusalem with a large force, and treacherously sent to Judas and his brothers this peaceable message,28"Let there be no fighting between you and me; I shall come with a few men to see you face to face in peace."
29 So he came to Judas, and they greeted one another peaceably; but the enemy were preparing to kidnap Judas.30It became known to Judas that Nicanor had come to him with treacherous intent, and he was afraid of him and would not meet him again.31When Nicanor learned that his plan had been disclosed, he went out to meet Judas in battle near Caphar-salama.32About five hundred of the army of Nicanor fell, and the rest fled into the city of David.

33 After these events Nicanor went up to Mount Zion. Some of the priests from the sanctuary and some of the elders of the people came out to greet him peaceably and to show him the burnt offering that was being offered for the king.34But he mocked them and derided them and defiled them and spoke arrogantly,35and in anger he swore this oath, "Unless Judas and his army are delivered into my hands this time, then if I return safely I will burn up this house." And he went out in great anger.36At this the priests went in and stood before the altar and the temple; they wept and said,
37"You chose this house to be called by your name,
and to be for your people a house of prayer and supplication.
38Take vengeance on this man and on his army,
and let them fall by the sword;
remember their blasphemies,
and let them live no longer."

39 Now Nicanor went out from Jerusalem and encamped in Beth-horon, and the Syrian army joined him.40Judas encamped in Adasa with three thousand men. Then Judas prayed and said,41"When the messengers from the king spoke blasphemy, your angel went out and struck down one hundred eighty-five thousand of the Assyrians42So also crush this army before us today; let the rest learn that Nicanor has spoken wickedly against the sanctuary, and judge him according to this wickedness."
43 So the armies met in battle on the thirteenth day of the month of Adar. The army of Nicanor was crushed, and he himself was the first to fall in the battle.44When his army saw that Nicanor had fallen, they threw down their arms and fled.45The Jews pursued them a day's journey, from Adasa as far as Gazara, and as they followed they kept sounding the battle call on the trumpets.46People came out of all the surrounding villages of Judea, and they outflanked the enemy and drove them back to their pursuers, so that they all fell by the sword; not even one of them was left.47Then the Jews seized the spoils and the plunder; they cut off Nicanor's head and the right hand that he had so arrogantly stretched out, and brought them and displayed them just outside Jerusalem.48The people rejoiced greatly and celebrated that day as a day of great gladness.49They decreed that this day should be celebrated each year on the thirteenth day of Adar.50So the land of Judah had rest for a few days.

8 Now Judas heard of the fame of the Romans, that they were very strong and were well-disposed toward all who made an alliance with them, that they pledged friendship to those who came to them,2and that they were very strong. He had been told of their wars and of the brave deeds that they were doing among the Gauls, how they had defeated them and forced them to pay tribute,3and what they had done in the land of Spain to get control of the silver and gold mines there,4and how they had gained control of the whole region by their planning and patience, even though the place was far distant from them. They also subdued the kings who came against them from the ends of the earth, until they crushed them and inflicted great disaster on them; the rest paid them tribute every year.5They had crushed in battle and conquered Philip, and King Perseus of the Macedonians, and the others who rose up against them.6They also had defeated Antiochus the Great, king of Asia, who went to fight against them with one hundred twenty elephants and with cavalry and chariots and a very large army. He was crushed by them;7they took him alive and decreed that he and those who would reign after him should pay a heavy tribute and give hostages and surrender some of their best provinces,8the countries of India, Media, and Lydia. These they took from him and gave to King Eumenes.9The Greeks planned to come and destroy them,10but this became known to them, and they sent a general against the Greeks and attacked them. Many of them were wounded and fell, and the Romance took captive their wives and children; they plundered them, conquered the land, tore down their strongholds, and enslaved them to this day.11The remaining kingdoms and islands, as many as ever opposed them, they destroyed and enslaved;12but with their friends and those who rely on them they have kept friendship. They have subdued kings far and near, and as many as have heard of their fame have feared them.13Those whom they wish to help and to make kings, they make kings, and those whom they wish they depose; and they have been greatly exalted.14Yet for all this not one of them has put on a crown or worn purple as a mark of pride,15but they have built for themselves a senate chamber, and every day three hundred twenty senators constantly deliberate concerning the people, to govern them well.16They trust one man each year to rule over them and to control all their land; they all heed the one man, and there is no envy or jealousy among them.

17 So Judas chose Eupolemus son of John son of Accos, and Jason son of Eleazar, and sent them to Rome to establish friendship and alliance,18and to free themselves from the yoke; for they saw that the kingdom of the Greeks was enslaving Israel completely.19They went to Rome, a very long journey; and they entered the senate chamber and spoke as follows:20"Judas, who is also called Maccabeus, and his brothers and the people of the Jews have sent us to you to establish alliance and peace with you, so that we may be enrolled as your allies and friends."21The proposal pleased them,22and this is a copy of the letter that they wrote in reply, on bronze tablets, and sent to Jerusalem to remain with them there as a memorial of peace and alliance:
23 "May all go well with the Romans and with the nation of the Jews at sea and on land forever, and may sword and enemy be far from them.24If war comes first to Rome or to any of their allies in all their dominion,25the nation of the Jews shall act as their allies wholeheartedly, as the occasion may indicate to them.26To the enemy that makes war they shall not give or supply grain, arms, money, or ships, just as Rome has decided; and they shall keep their obligations without receiving any return.27In the same way, if war comes first to the nation of the Jews, the Romans shall willingly act as their allies, as the occasion may indicate to them.28And to their enemies there shall not be given grain, arms, money, or ships, just as Rome has decided; and they shall keep these obligations and do so without deceit.29Thus on these terms the Romans make a treaty with the Jewish people.30If after these terms are in effect both parties shall determine to add or delete anything, they shall do so at their discretion, and any addition or deletion that they may make shall be valid.
31 "Concerning the wrongs that King Demetrius is doing to them, we have written to him as follows, 'Why have you made your yoke heavy on our friends and allies the Jews?32If now they appeal again for help against you, we will defend their rights and fight you on sea and on land.' "

9 When Demetrius heard that Nicanor and his army had fallen in battle, he sent Bacchides and Alcimus into the land of Judah a second time, and with them the right wing of the army.2They went by the road that leads to Gilgal and encamped against Mesaloth in Arbela, and they took it and killed many people.3In the first month of the one hundred fifty-second year they encamped against Jerusalem;4then they marched off and went to Berea with twenty thousand foot soldiers and two thousand cavalry.
5 Now Judas was encamped in Elasa, and with him were three thousand picked men.6When they saw the huge number of the enemy forces, they were greatly frightened, and many slipped away from the camp, until no more than eight hundred of them were left.
7 When Judas saw that his army had slipped away and the battle was imminent, he was crushed in spirit, for he had no time to assemble them.8He became faint, but he said to those who were left, "Let us get up and go against our enemies. We may have the strength to fight them."9But they tried to dissuade him, saying, "We do not have the strength. Let us rather save our own lives now, and let us come back with our kindred and fight them; we are too few."10But Judas said, "Far be it from us to do such a thing as to flee from them. If our time has come, let us die bravely for our kindred, and leave no cause to question our honor."

11 Then the army of Bacchides marched out from the camp and took its stand for the encounter. The cavalry was divided into two companies, and the slingers and the archers went ahead of the army, as did all the chief warriors.12Bacchides was on the right wing. Flanked by the two companies, the phalanx advanced to the sound of the trumpets; and the men with Judas also blew their trumpets.13The earth was shaken by the noise of the armies, and the battle raged from morning until evening.
14 Judas saw that Bacchides and the strength of his army were on the right; then all the stouthearted men went with him,15and they crushed the right wing, and he pursued them as far as Mount Azotus.16When those on the left wing saw that the right wing was crushed, they turned and followed close behind Judas and his men.17The battle became desperate, and many on both sides were wounded and fell.18Judas also fell, and the rest fled.
19 Then Jonathan and Simon took their brother Judas and buried him in the tomb of their ancestors at Modein,20and wept for him. All Israel made great lamentation for him; they mourned many days and said,
21"How is the mighty fallen,
the savior of Israel!"
22Now the rest of the acts of Judas, and his wars and the brave deeds that he did, and his greatness, have not been recorded, but they were very many.

23 After the death of Judas, the renegades emerged in all parts of Israel; all the wrongdoers reappeared.24In those days a very great famine occurred, and the country went over to their side.25Bacchides chose the godless and put them in charge of the country.26They made inquiry and searched for the friends of Judas, and brought them to Bacchides, who took vengeance on them and made sport of them.27So there was great distress in Israel, such as had not been since the time that prophets ceased to appear among them.
28 Then all the friends of Judas assembled and said to Jonathan,29"Since the death of your brother Judas there has been no one like him to go against our enemies and Bacchides, and to deal with those of our nation who hate us.30Now therefore we have chosen you today to take his place as our ruler and leader, to fight our battle."31So Jonathan accepted the leadership at that time in place of his brother Judas.

32 When Bacchides learned of this, he tried to kill him.33But Jonathan and his brother Simon and all who were with him heard of it, and they fled into the wilderness of Tekoa and camped by the water of the pool of Asphar.34Bacchides found this out on the Sabbath day, and he with all his army crossed the Jordan.
35 So Jonathan sent his brother as leader of the multitude and begged the Nabateans, who were his friends, for permission to store with them the great amount of baggage that they had.36But the family of Jambri from Medeba came out and seized John and all that he had, and left with it.
37 After these things it was reported to Jonathan and his brother Simon, "The family of Jambri are celebrating a great wedding, and are conducting the bride, a daughter of one of the great nobles of Canaan, from Nadabath with a large escort."38Remembering how their brother John had been killed, they went up and hid under cover of the mountain.39They looked out and saw a tumultuous procession with a great amount of baggage; and the bridegroom came out with his friends and his brothers to meet them with tambourines and musicians and many weapons.40Then they rushed on them from the ambush and began killing them. Many were wounded and fell, and the rest fled to the mountain; and the Jews took all their goods.41So the wedding was turned into mourning and the voice of their musicians into a funeral dirge.42After they had fully avenged the blood of their brother, they returned to the marshes of the Jordan.
43 When Bacchides heard of this, he came with a large force on the Sabbath day to the banks of the Jordan.44And Jonathan said to those with him, "Let us get up now and fight for our lives, for today things are not as they were before.45For look! the battle is in front of us and behind us; the water of the Jordan is on this side and on that, with marsh and thicket; there is no place to turn.46Cry out now to Heaven that you may be delivered from the hands of our enemies."47So the battle began, and Jonathan stretched out his hand to strike Bacchides, but he eluded him and went to the rear.48Then Jonathan and the men with him leaped into the Jordan and swam across to the other side, and the enemy did not cross the Jordan to attack them.49And about one thousand of Bacchides' men fell that day.

50 Then Bacchides returned to Jerusalem and built strong cities in Judea: the fortress in Jericho, and Emmaus, and Beth-horon, and Bethel, and Timnath, and Pharathon, and Tephon, with high walls and gates and bars.51And he placed garrisons in them to harass Israel.52He also fortified the town of Beth-zur, and Gazara, and the citadel, and in them he put troops and stores of food.53And he took the sons of the leading men of the land as hostages and put them under guard in the citadel at Jerusalem.
54 In the one hundred and fifty-third year, in the second month, Alcimus gave orders to tear down the wall of the inner court of the sanctuary. He tore down the work of the prophets!55But he only began to tear it down, for at that time Alcimus was stricken and his work was hindered; his mouth was stopped and he was paralyzed, so that he could no longer say a word or give commands concerning his house.56And Alcimus died at that time in great agony.57When Bacchides saw that Alcimus was dead, he returned to the king, and the land of Judah had rest for two years.

58 Then all the lawless plotted and said, "See! Jonathan and his men are living in quiet and confidence. So now let us bring Bacchides back, and he will capture them all in one night."59And they went and consulted with him.60He started to come with a large force, and secretly sent letters to all his allies in Judea, telling them to seize Jonathan and his men; but they were unable to do it, because their plan became known.61And Jonathan's men seized about fifty of the men of the country who were leaders in this treachery, and killed them.
62 Then Jonathan with his men, and Simon, withdrew to Bethbasi in the wilderness; he rebuilt the parts of it that had been demolished, and they fortified it.63When Bacchides learned of this, he assembled all his forces, and sent orders to the men of Judea.64Then he came and encamped against Bethbasi; he fought against it for many days and made machines of war.
65 But Jonathan left his brother Simon in the town, while he went out into the country; and he went with only a few men.66He struck down Odomera and his kindred and the people of Phasiron in their tents.67Then he began to attack and went into battle with his forces; and Simon and his men sallied out from the town and set fire to the machines of war.68They fought with Bacchides, and he was crushed by them. They pressed him very hard, for his plan and his expedition had been in vain.69So he was very angry at the renegades who had counseled him to come into the country, and he killed many of them. Then he decided to go back to his own land.
70 When Jonathan learned of this, he sent ambassadors to him to make peace with him and obtain release of the captives.71He agreed, and did as he said; and he swore to Jonathan that he would not try to harm him as long as he lived.72He restored to him the captives whom he had taken previously from the land of Judah; then he turned and went back to his own land, and did not come again into their territory.73Thus the sword ceased from Israel. Jonathan settled in Michmash and began to judge the people; and he destroyed the godless out of Israel.

10 In the one hundred sixtieth year Alexander Epiphanes, son of Antiochus, landed and occupied Ptolemais. They welcomed him, and there he began to reign.2When King Demetrius heard of it, he assembled a very large army and marched out to meet him in battle.3Demetrius sent Jonathan a letter in peaceable words to honor him;4for he said to himself, "Let us act first to make peace with him before he makes peace with Alexander against us,5for he will remember all the wrongs that we did to him and to his brothers and his nation."6So Demetrius gave him authority to recruit troops, to equip them with arms, and to become his ally; and he commanded that the hostages in the citadel should be released to him.
7 Then Jonathan came to Jerusalem and read the letter in the hearing of all the people and of those in the citadel.8They were greatly alarmed when they heard that the king had given him authority to recruit troops.9But those in the citadel released the hostages to Jonathan, and he returned them to their parents.
10 And Jonathan took up residence in Jerusalem and began to rebuild and restore the city.11He directed those who were doing the work to build the walls and encircle Mount Zion with squared stones, for better fortification; and they did so.
12 Then the foreigners who were in the strongholds that Bacchides had built fled;13all of them left their places and went back to their own lands.14Only in Beth-zur did some remain who had forsaken the law and the commandments, for it served as a place of refuge.
15 Now King Alexander heard of all the promises that Demetrius had sent to Jonathan, and he heard of the battles that Jonathan and his brothers had fought, of the brave deeds that they had done, and of the troubles that they had endured.16So he said, "Shall we find another such man? Come now, we will make him our friend and ally."17And he wrote a letter and sent it to him, in the following words:

18 "King Alexander to his brother Jonathan, greetings.19We have heard about you, that you are a mighty warrior and worthy to be our friend.20And so we have appointed you today to be the high priest of your nation; you are to be called the king's Friend and you are to take our side and keep friendship with us." He also sent him a purple robe and a golden crown.
21 So Jonathan put on the sacred vestments in the seventh month of the one hundred sixtieth year, at the festival of booths, and he recruited troops and equipped them with arms in abundance.22When Demetrius heard of these things he was distressed and said,23"What is this that we have done? Alexander has gotten ahead of us in forming a friendship with the Jews to strengthen himself.24I also will write them words of encouragement and promise them honor and gifts, so that I may have their help."25So he sent a message to them in the following words:

"King Demetrius to the nation of the Jews, greetings.26Since you have kept your agreement with us and have continued your friendship with us, and have not sided with our enemies, we have heard of it and rejoiced.27Now continue still to keep faith with us, and we will repay you with good for what you do for us.28We will grant you many immunities and give you gifts.
29 "I now free you and exempt all the Jews from payment of tribute and salt tax and crown levies,30and instead of collecting the third of the grain and the half of the fruit of the trees that I should receive, I release them from this day and henceforth. I will not collect them from the land of Judah or from the three districts added to it from Samaria and Galilee, from this day and for all time.31Jerusalem and its environs, its tithes and its revenues, shall be holy and free from tax.32I release also my control of the citadel in Jerusalem and give it to the high priest, so that he may station in it men of his own choice to guard it.33And everyone of the Jews taken as a captive from the land of Judah into any part of my kingdom, I set free without payment; and let all officials cancel also the taxes on their livestock.
34 "All the festivals and Sabbaths and new moons and appointed days, and the three days before a festival and the three after a festival--let them all be days of immunity and release for all the Jews who are in my kingdom.35No one shall have authority to exact anything from them or annoy any of them about any matter.
36 "Let Jews be enrolled in the king's forces to the number of thirty thousand men, and let the maintenance be given them that is due to all the forces of the king.37Let some of them be stationed in the great strongholds of the king, and let some of them be put in positions of trust in the kingdom. Let their officers and leaders be of their own number, and let them live by their own laws, just as the king has commanded in the land of Judah.
38 "As for the three districts that have been added to Judea from the country of Samaria, let them be annexed to Judea so that they may be considered to be under one ruler and obey no other authority than the high priest.39Ptolemais and the land adjoining it I have given as a gift to the sanctuary in Jerusalem, to meet the necessary expenses of the sanctuary.40I also grant fifteen thousand shekels of silver yearly out of the king's revenues from appropriate places.41And all the additional funds that the government officials have not paid as they did in the first years, they shall give from now on for the service of the temple.42Moreover, the five thousand shekels of silver that my officials have received every year from the income of the services of the temple, this too is canceled, because it belongs to the priests who minister there.43And all who take refuge at the temple in Jerusalem, or in any of its precincts, because they owe money to the king or are in debt, let them be released and receive back all their property in my kingdom.
44 "Let the cost of rebuilding and restoring the structures of the sanctuary be paid from the revenues of the king.45And let the cost of rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem and fortifying it all around, and the cost of rebuilding the walls in Judea, also be paid from the revenues of the king."

46 When Jonathan and the people heard these words, they did not believe or accept them, because they remembered the great wrongs that Demetrius had done in Israel and how much he had oppressed them.47They favored Alexander, because he had been the first to speak peaceable words to them, and they remained his allies all his days.
48 Now King Alexander assembled large forces and encamped opposite Demetrius.49The two kings met in battle, and the army of Demetrius fled, and Alexander pursued him and defeated them.50He pressed the battle strongly until the sun set, and on that day Demetrius fell.

51 Then Alexander sent ambassadors to Ptolemy king of Egypt with the following message:52"Since I have returned to my kingdom and have taken my seat on the throne of my ancestors, and established my rule--for I crushed Demetrius and gained control of our country;53I met him in battle, and he and his army were crushed by us, and we have taken our seat on the throne of his kingdom--54now therefore let us establish friendship with one another; give me now your daughter as my wife, and I will become your son-in-law, and will make gifts to you and to her in keeping with your position."
55 Ptolemy the king replied and said, "Happy was the day on which you returned to the land of your ancestors and took your seat on the throne of their kingdom.56And now I will do for you as you wrote, but meet me at Ptolemais, so that we may see one another, and I will become your father-in-law, as you have said."
57 So Ptolemy set out from Egypt, he and his daughter Cleopatra, and came to Ptolemais in the one hundred sixty-second year.58King Alexander met him, and Ptolemy gave him his daughter Cleopatra in marriage, and celebrated her wedding at Ptolemais with great pomp, as kings do.
59 Then King Alexander wrote to Jonathan to come and meet him.60So he went with pomp to Ptolemais and met the two kings; he gave them and their Friends silver and gold and many gifts, and found favor with them.61A group of malcontents from Israel, renegades, gathered together against him to accuse him; but the king paid no attention to them.62The king gave orders to take off Jonathan's garments and to clothe him in purple, and they did so.63The king also seated him at his side; and he said to his officers, "Go out with him into the middle of the city and proclaim that no one is to bring charges against him about any matter, and let no one annoy him for any reason."64When his accusers saw the honor that was paid him, in accord with the proclamation, and saw him clothed in purple, they all fled.65Thus the king honored him and enrolled him among his chief Friends, and made him general and governor of the province.66And Jonathan returned to Jerusalem in peace and gladness.

67 In the one hundred sixty-fifth year Demetrius son of Demetrius came from Crete to the land of his ancestors.68When King Alexander heard of it, he was greatly distressed and returned to Antioch.69And Demetrius appointed Apollonius the governor of Coelesyria, and he assembled a large force and encamped against Jamnia. Then he sent the following message to the high priest Jonathan:
70 "You are the only one to rise up against us, and I have fallen into ridicule and disgrace because of you. Why do you assume authority against us in the hill country?71If you now have confidence in your forces, come down to the plain to meet us, and let us match strength with each other there, for I have with me the power of the cities.72Ask and learn who I am and who the others are that are helping us. People will tell you that you cannot stand before us, for your ancestors were twice put to flight in their own land.73And now you will not be able to withstand my cavalry and such an army in the plain, where there is no stone or pebble, or place to flee."
74 When Jonathan heard the words of Apollonius, his spirit was aroused. He chose ten thousand men and set out from Jerusalem, and his brother Simon met him to help him.75He encamped before Joppa, but the people of the city closed its gates, for Apollonius had a garrison in Joppa.76So they fought against it, and the people of the city became afraid and opened the gates, and Jonathan gained possession of Joppa.
77 When Apollonius heard of it, he mustered three thousand cavalry and a large army, and went to Azotus as though he were going farther. At the same time he advanced into the plain, for he had a large troop of cavalry and put confidence in it.78Jonathan pursued him to Azotus, and the armies engaged in battle.79Now Apollonius had secretly left a thousand cavalry behind them.80Jonathan learned that there was an ambush behind him, for they surrounded his army and shot arrows at his men from early morning until late afternoon.81But his men stood fast, as Jonathan had commanded, and the enemy's horses grew tired.
82 Then Simon brought forward his force and engaged the phalanx in battle (for the cavalry was exhausted); they were overwhelmed by him and fled,83and the cavalry was dispersed in the plain. They fled to Azotus and entered Beth-dagon, the temple of their idol, for safety.84But Jonathan burned Azotus and the surrounding towns and plundered them; and the temple of Dagon, and those who had taken refuge in it, he burned with fire.85The number of those who fell by the sword, with those burned alive, came to eight thousand.
86 Then Jonathan left there and encamped against Askalon, and the people of the city came out to meet him with great pomp.
87 He and those with him then returned to Jerusalem with a large amount of booty.88When King Alexander heard of these things, he honored Jonathan still more;89and he sent to him a golden buckle, such as it is the custom to give to the King's Kinsmen. He also gave him Ekron and all its environs as his possession.

11 Then the king of Egypt gathered great forces, like the sand by the seashore, and many ships; and he tried to get possession of Alexander's kingdom by trickery and add it to his own kingdom.2He set out for Syria with peaceable words, and the people of the towns opened their gates to him and went to meet him, for King Alexander had commanded them to meet him, since he was Alexander's father-in-law.3But when Ptolemy entered the towns he stationed forces as a garrison in each town.
4 When he approached Azotus, they showed him the burnt-out temple of Dagon, and Azotus and its suburbs destroyed, and the corpses lying about, and the charred bodies of those whom Jonathan had burned in the war, for they had piled them in heaps along his route.5They also told the king what Jonathan had done, to throw blame on him; but the king kept silent.6Jonathan met the king at Joppa with pomp, and they greeted one another and spent the night there.7And Jonathan went with the king as far as the river called Eleutherus; then he returned to Jerusalem.
8 So King Ptolemy gained control of the coastal cities as far as Seleucia by the sea, and he kept devising wicked designs against Alexander.9He sent envoys to King Demetrius, saying, "Come, let us make a covenant with each other, and I will give you in marriage my daughter who was Alexander's wife, and you shall reign over your father's kingdom.10I now regret that I gave him my daughter, for he has tried to kill me."11He threw blame on Alexander because he coveted his kingdom.12So he took his daughter away from him and gave her to Demetrius. He was estranged from Alexander, and their enmity became manifest.
13 Then Ptolemy entered Antioch and put on the crown of Asia. Thus he put two crowns on his head, the crown of Egypt and that of Asia.14Now King Alexander was in Cilicia at that time, because the people of that region were in revolt.15When Alexander heard of it, he came against him in battle. Ptolemy marched out and met him with a strong force, and put him to flight.16So Alexander fled into Arabia to find protection there, and King Ptolemy was triumphant.17Zabdiel the Arab cut off the head of Alexander and sent it to Ptolemy.18But King Ptolemy died three days later, and his troops in the strongholds were killed by the inhabitants of the strongholds.19So Demetrius became king in the one hundred sixty-seventh year

20 In those days Jonathan assembled the Judeans to attack the citadel in Jerusalem, and he built many engines of war to use against it.21But certain renegades who hated their nation went to the king and reported to him that Jonathan was besieging the citadel.22When he heard this he was angry, and as soon as he heard it he set out and came to Ptolemais; and he wrote Jonathan not to continue the siege, but to meet him for a conference at Ptolemais as quickly as possible.
23 When Jonathan heard this, he gave orders to continue the siege. He chose some of the elders of Israel and some of the priests, and put himself in danger,24for he went to the king at Ptolemais, taking silver and gold and clothing and numerous other gifts. And he won his favor.25Although certain renegades of his nation kept making complaints against him,26the king treated him as his predecessors had treated him; he exalted him in the presence of all his Friends.27He confirmed him in the high priesthood and in as many other honors as he had formerly had, and caused him to be reckoned among his chef Friends.28Then Jonathan asked the king to free Judea and the three districts of Samaria from tribute, and promised him three hundred talents.29The king consented, and wrote a letter to Jonathan about all these things; its contents were as follows:
30 "King Demetrius to his brother Jonathan and to the nation of the Jews, greetings.31This copy of the letter that we wrote concerning you to our kinsman Lasthenes we have written to you also, so that you may know what it says.32'King Demetrius to his father Lasthenes, greetings.33We have determined to do good to the nation of the Jews, who are our friends and fulfill their obligations to us, because of the goodwill they show toward us.34We have confirmed as their possession both the territory of Judea and the three districts of Aphairema and Lydda and Rathamin; the latter, with all the region bordering them, were added to Judea from Samaria. To all those who offer sacrifice in Jerusalem we have granted release form the royal taxes that the king formerly received from them each year, from the crops of the land and the fruit of the trees.35And the other payments henceforth due to us of the tithes, and the taxes due to us, and the salt pits and the crown taxes due to us--from all these we shall grant them release.36And not one of these grants shall be canceled from this time on forever.37Now therefore take care to make a copy of this, and let it be given to Jonathan and put up in a conspicuous place on the holy mountain.' "

38 When King Demetrius saw that the land was quiet before him and that there was no opposition to him, he dismissed all his troops, all of them to their own homes, except the foreign troops that he had recruited from the islands of the nations. So all the troops who had served under his predecessors hated him.39A certain Trypho had formerly been one of Alexander's supporters; he saw that all the troops were grumbling against Demetrius. So he went to Imalkue the Arab, who was bringing up Antiochus, the young son of Alexander,40and insistently urged him to hand Antiochus over to him, to become king in place of his father. He also reported to Imalkue what Demetrius had done and told of the hatred that the troops of Demetrius had for him; and he stayed there many days.
41 Now Jonathan sent to King Demetrius the request that he remove the troops of the citadel from Jerusalem, and the troops in the strongholds; for they kept fighting against Israel.42And Demetrius sent this message back to Jonathan: "Not only will I do these things for you and your nation, but I will confer great honor on you and your nation, if I find an opportunity.43Now then you will do well to send me men who will help me, for all my troops have revolted."44So Jonathan sent three thousand stalwart men to him at Antioch, and when they came to the king, the king rejoiced at their arrival.
45 Then the people of the city assembled within the city, to the number of a hundred and twenty thousand, and they wanted to kill the king.46But the king fled into the palace. Then the people of the city seized the main streets of the city and began to fight.47So the king called the Jews to his aid, and they all rallied around him and then spread out through the city; and they killed on that day about one hundred thousand.48They set fire to the city and seized a large amount of spoil on that day, and saved the king.49When the people of the city saw that the Jews had gained control of the city as they pleased, their courage failed and they cried out to the king with this entreaty:50"Grant us peace, and make the Jews stop fighting against us and our city."51And they threw down their arms and made peace. So the Jews gained glory in the sight of the king and of all the people in his kingdom, and they returned to Jerusalem with a large amount of spoil.
52 So King Demetrius sat on the throne of his kingdom, and the land was quiet before him.53But he broke his word about all that he had promised; he became estranged from Jonathan and did not repay the favors that Jonathan had done him, but treated him very harshly.

54 After this Trypho returned, and with him the young boy Antiochus who began to reign and put on the crown.55All the troops that Demetrius had discharged gathered around him; they fought against Demetrius, and he fled and was routed.56Trypho captured the elephants and gained control of Antioch.57Then the young Antiochus wrote to Jonathan, saying, "I confirm you in the high priesthood and set you over the four districts and make you one of the king's Friends."58He also sent him gold plate and a table service, and granted him the right to drink from gold cups and dress in purple and wear a gold buckle.59He appointed Jonathan's brother Simon governor from the Ladder of Tyre to the borders of Egypt.

60 Then Jonathan set out and traveled beyond the river and among the towns, and all the army of Syria gathered to him as allies. When he came to Askalon, the people of the city met him and paid him honor.61From there he went to Gaza, but the people of Gaza shut him out. So he besieged it and burned its suburbs with fire and plundered them.62Then the people of Gaza pleaded with Jonathan, and he made peace with them, and took the sons of their rulers as hostages and sent them to Jerusalem. And he passed through the country as far as Damascus.
63 Then Jonathan heard that the officers of Demetrius had come to Kadesh in Galilee with a large army, intending to remove him from office.64He went to meet them, but left his brother Simon in the country.65Simon encamped before Beth-zur and fought against it for many days and hemmed it in.66Then they asked him to grant them terms of peace, and he did so. He removed them from there, took possession of the town, and set a garrison over it.
67 Jonathan and his army encamped by the waters of Gennesaret. Early in the morning they marched to the plain of Hazor,68and there in the plain the army of the foreigners met him; they had set an ambush against him in the mountains, but they themselves met him face to face.69Then the men in ambush emerged from their places and joined battle.70All the men with Jonathan fled; not one of them was left except Mattathias son of Absalom and Judas son of Chalphi, commanders of the forces of the army.71Jonathan tore his clothes, put dust on his head, and prayed.72Then he turned back to the battle against the enemy and routed them, and they fled.73When his men who were fleeing saw this, they returned to him and joined him in the pursuit as far as Kadesh, to their camp, and there they encamped.74As many as three thousand of the foreigners fell that day. And Jonathan returned to Jerusalem.

12 Now when Jonathan saw that the time was favorable for him, he chose men and sent them to Rome to confirm and renew the friendship with them.2He also sent letters to the same effect to the Spartans and to other places.3So they went to Rome and entered the senate chamber and said, "The high priest Jonathan and the Jewish nation have sent us to renew the former friendship and alliance with them."4And the Romans gave them letters to the people in every place, asking them to provide for the envoys safe conduct to the land of Judah.
5 This is a copy of the letter that Jonathan wrote to the Spartans:6"The high priest Jonathan, the senate of the nation, the priests, and the rest of the Jewish people to their brothers the Spartans, greetings.7Already in time past a letter was sent to the high priest Onias from Arius,who was king among you, stating that you are our brothers, as the appended copy shows.8Onias welcomed the envoy with honor, and received the letter, which contained a clear declaration of alliance and friendship.9Therefore, though we have no need of these things, since we have as encouragement the holy books that are in our hands,10we have undertaken to send to renew our family ties and friendship with you, so that we may not become estranged from you, for considerable time has passed since you sent your letter to us.11We therefore remember you constantly on every occasion, both at our festivals and on other appropriate days, at the sacrifices that we offer and in our prayers, as it is right and proper to remember brothers.12And we rejoice in your glory.13But as for ourselves, many trials and many wars have encircled us; the kings around us have waged war against us.14We were unwilling to annoy you and our other allies and friends with these wars,15for we have the help that comes from Heaven for our aid, and so we were delivered from our enemies, and our enemies were humbled.16We therefore have chosen Numenius son of Antiochus and Antipater son of Jason, and have sent them to Rome to renew our former friendship and alliance with them.17We have commanded them to go also to you and greet you and deliver to you this letter from us concerning the renewal of our family ties.18And now please send us a reply to this."
19 This is a copy of the letter that they sent to Onias:20"King Arius of the Spartans, to the high priest Onias, greetings.21It has been found in writing concerning the Spartans and the Jews that they are brothers and are of the family of Abraham.22And now that we have learned this, please write us concerning your welfare;23we on our part write to you that your livestock and your property belong to us, and ours belong to you. We therefore command that our envoys report to you accordingly."

24 Now Jonathan heard that the commanders of Demetrius had returned, with a larger force than before, to wage war against him.25So he marched away from Jerusalem and met them in the region of Hamath, for he gave them no opportunity to invade his own country.26He sent spies to their camp, and they returned and reported to him that the enemy were being drawn up in formation to attack the Jews by night.27So when the sun had set, Jonathan commanded his troops to be alert and to keep their arms at hand so as to be ready all night for battle, and he stationed outposts around the camp.28When the enemy heard that Jonathan and his troops were prepared for battle, they were afraid and were terrified at heart; so they kindled fires in their camp and withdrew.29But Jonathan and his troops did not know it until morning, for they saw the fires burning.30Then Jonathan pursued them, but he did not overtake them, for they had crossed the Eleutherus river.31So Jonathan turned aside against the Arabs who are called Zabadeans, and he crushed them and plundered them.32Then he broke camp and went to Damascus, and marched through all that region.
33 Simon also went out and marched through the country as far as Askalon and the neighboring strongholds. He turned aside to Joppa and took it by surprise,34for he had heard that they were ready to hand over the stronghold to those whom Demetrius had sent. And he stationed a garrison there to guard it.
35 When Jonathan returned he convened the elders of the people and planned with them to build strongholds in Judea,36to build the walls of Jerusalem still higher, and to erect a high barrier between the citadel and the city to separate it from the city, in order to isolate it so that its garrison could neither buy nor sell.37So they gathered together to rebuild the city; part of the wall on the valley to the east had fallen, and he repaired the section called Chaphenatha.38Simon also built Adida in the Shephelah; he fortified it and installed gates with bolts.

39 Then Trypho attempted to become king in Asia and put on the crown, and to raise his hand against King Antiochus.40He feared that Jonathan might not permit him to do so, but might make war on him, so he kept seeking to seize and kill him, and he marched out and came to Beth-shan.41Jonathan went out to meet him with forty thousand picked warriors, and he came to Beth-shan.42When Trypho saw that he had come with a large army, he was afraid to raise his hand against him.43So he received him with honor and commended him to all his Friends, and he gave him gifts and commanded his Friends and his troops to obey him as they would himself.44Then he said to Jonathan, "Why have you put all these people to so much trouble when we are not at war?45Dismiss them now to their homes and choose for yourself a few men to stay with you, and come with me to Ptolemais. I will hand it over to you as well as the other strongholds and the remaining troops and all the officials, and will turn around and go home. For that is why I am here."
46 Jonathan trusted him and did as he said; he sent away the troops, and they returned to the land of Judah.47He kept with himself three thousand men, two thousand of whom he left in Galilee, while one thousand accompanied him.48But when Jonathan entered Ptolemais, the people of Ptolemais closed the gates and seized him, and they killed with the sword all who had entered with him.
49 Then Trypho sent troops and cavalry into Galilee and the Great Plain to destroy all Jonathan's soldiers.50But they realized that Jonathan had been seized and had perished along with his men, and they encouraged one another and kept marching in close formation, ready for battle.51When their pursuers saw that they would fight for their lives, they turned back.52So they all reached the land of Judah safely, and they mourned for Jonathan and his companions and were in great fear; and all Israel mourned deeply.53All the nations around them tried to destroy them, for they said, "They have no leader or helper. Now therefore let us make war on them and blot out the memory of them from humankind."

13 Simon heard that Trypho had assembled a large army to invade the land of Judah and destroy it,2and he saw that the people were trembling with fear. So he went up to Jerusalem, and gathering the people together3he encouraged them, saying to them, "You yourselves know what great things my brothers and I and the house of my father have done for the laws and the sanctuary; you know also the wars and the difficulties that my brothers and I have seen.4By reason of this all my brothers have perished for the sake of Israel, and I alone am left.5And now, far be it from me to spare my life in any time of distress, for I am not better than my brothers.6But I will avenge my nation and the sanctuary and your wives and children, for all the nations have gathered together out of hatred to destroy us."
7 The spirit of the people was rekindled when they heard these words,8and they answered in a loud voice, "You are our leader in place of Judas and your brother Jonathan.9Fight our battles, and all that you say to us we will do."10So he assembled all the warriors and hurried to complete the walls of Jerusalem, and he fortified it on every side.11He sent Jonathan son of Absalom to Joppa, and with him a considerable army; he drove out its occupants and remained there.

12 Then Trypho left Ptolemais with a large army to invade the land of Judah, and Jonathan was with him under guard.13Simon encamped in Adida, facing the plain.14Trypho learned that